An Analysis of Assertive Illocutionary Acts on Social Media

This study aims to determine the use of assertive illocutionary act. The focus of this research is writing in the form of status that contains different topics in several social media today such as Instagram and Twitter. The datas are taken randomly from different accounts in Instagram and Twitter. This research is a qualitative descriptive study in which the data in this study were collected through documentation and note-taking techniques. The results of data analysis reveal that the use of assertive illocutionary act is widely available and used in social media such as Instagram and Twitter. There are three kinds of assertive illocutionary act that are found in this research they are reporting, stating/ telling, and suggesting. The use of assertive illocutionary act that appear the most is reporting. The second one that has many assertive illocutionary acts is stating/telling. The fewest assertive illocutionary acts are suggesting. In the usage of assertive illocutionary act, the meaning of the implicature appeared, among others, expressed opinions, express thoughts, express wishes, etc. There is always interesting to read Instagram and Twitter from different accounts and get different good things or aspects on different kinds of assertive illocutionary acts..

could be made between what is said, the output of the realm of semantics, and what is conveyed or accomplished in particular linguistic and social context in or by saying something, the realm of pragmatics. What is said is sort of a boundary; semantics is on the near side, and those parts of pragmatics that were the focus of the classic period are on the far side.
The British philosopher John Langshaw Austin (b. 1911Austin (b. -d. 1960) was intrigued by the way that we can use words to do different things. Whether one asserts or merely suggests, promises or merely indicates an intention, persuades or merely argues, depends not only on the literal meaning of one's words, but what one intends to do with them, and the institutional and social setting in which the linguistic activity occurs. One thing a speaker might intend to do, and be taken to do, in saying "I'll be there to pick you up at six," is to promise to pick her listener up at that time. The ability to promise and to intend to promise arguably depends on the existence of a social practice or set of conventions about what a promise is and what constitutes promising. Austin began by distinguishing between what he called 'constatives' and 'performatives.' A constative is simply saying something true or false. A performative is doing something by speaking; paradigmatically, one can get married by saying "I do" (Austin 1961). Constatives are true or false, depending on their correspondence (or not) with the facts; performatives are actions and, as such, are not true or false, but 'felicitous' or 'infelicitous,' depending on whether or not they successfully perform the action in question. In particular, performative utterances to be felicitous (i) must invoke an existing convention and (i) the convention must be invoked in the right circumstances.
A clear delimitation between performatives and constatives proved to be difficult to establish, however. There are explicit performatives; a verb used in a certain way makes explicit the action being performed: "I bet that there is a dangerous animal there," "I guarantee that there is a dangerous animal there," "I warn you that there is a dangerous animal there." But the same action could be performed implicitly: "There is a dangerous animal there," where both issues of (in) felicities and issues of truth/falsity are simultaneously present. Instead of pursuing the distinction between performatives and constatives, Austin (1962a) proposed a new three-fold distinction.
Yule (1996:3) states that there are four areas which pragmatics is concerned with: 1. Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. 2. Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. 3. Pragmatics is the study of how to get more communicated than it is said. 4. Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.
According to this trichotomy, a speech act is, first of all, a locutionary act, that is, an act of saying something. Saying something can also be viewed from three different perspectives: (i) as a phonetic act: uttering certain noises; (ii) as a phatic act: uttering words "belonging to and as belonging to, a certain vocabulary, conforming to and as conforming to a certain grammar"; and (iii) as a rhetic act: uttering words "with a certain more-or-less definite sense and reference" (Austin 1962a, 95). Now, to perform a locutionary act is also in general to perform an illocutionary act; in performing a locutionary act, we perform an act with a certain force: ordering, warning, assuring, promising, and expressing an intention, and so on. And by doing that, we will normally produce "certain consequential effects upon the feelings, thoughts or actions of the audience, or of the speaker, or of other persons" (ibidem, 101) that Austin calls perlocutionary. At the point of his untimely death, Austin's work on speech act theory was far from complete. His main work, How to do things with words was published posthumously, based on lecture notes of Austin and his students.
According to (Yule, 1996), "Speech act is a study of how the speakers and hearers use language. Speech act is actions that performed via utterances". In addition (Searle et al., 1980) said that "The theory of speech acts starts with assumption that the minimal unit of human communication is not a sentence or other expression, but rather the performance of certain kinds of acts, such as making statements, asking questions, giving orders, describing, explaining, apologizing, thanking, congratulating, etc". From the definition above, we can conclude that speech act is a statement that contains action as a functional unity in communications considering situation aspect say. According to (Austin, 1955), speech act can be divided into three types: a) Locutionary Act The locutionary act is the utterance of a sentence with determinates sense and preference. For example: "It hot here". This sentence is meant to inform addressee that the condition or the weather of a room is hot without any attention to perform an act or to influence the addressee. The point of the example above is "I" as subject, "hot" as predicate, and "here" as object. This speech act only expresses language, understanding the intention of the speaker is not needed. b) Illocutionary Act This act is the making of statement, offer, and promise, in uttering a sentence by virtue of the conventional force associated with it (or with its explicit performative paraphrase). This act is also called the act of doing something in saying something. For example: "It close to seven o'clock". This sentence is utters by a husband to his wife in the morning, his doesn't only say the words but also remembering his wife he have to go to his office right now. The Illocutionary Act is one of Speech Act which helps people do something not only saying it. c) Perlocutionary Act The perlocutionary act is the effect caused by some utterances that are uttered by the speaker to the hearer. It can be said that this act is the act of affecting someone. For example: "There is a snake next to you!", if we say this utterance to someone, there will be some effects caused by that utterance. After the hearer heard that utterance he/she may run.
Based on their essential conditions, and attending to the minimal purpose or intention of the speaker in performing an illocutionary act, Searle (1975a) proposes a taxonomy of illocutionary acts into five mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive classes: Representative or assertive. The speaker becomes committed to the truth of the propositional content; for example, asserting: "It's raining." Directive. The speaker tries to get the hearer to act in such a way as to fulfill what is represented by the propositional content; for example, commanding: "Close the door!" Commissive. The speaker becomes committed to act in the way represented by the propositional content; for example, promising: "I'll finish the paper by tomorrow." Expressive. The speaker simply expresses the sincerity condition of the illocutionary act: "I'm glad it's raining!" Declarative. The speaker performs an action just representing herself as performing that action: "I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth." Commisives are those kinds of speech act that the speaker uses to commit themselves to some future actions (Yule: 54). Commisives express what the speaker intends; e.g. promising, vowing, and offering. Commisives can be performed by the speaker alone, or by the speaker as a member of a group. In using commisives, the speaker undertakes to make the world fit the words (via the speaker).  Expressive.

Classification of Speech
Expressive have the function of expressing or making known the speaker's psychological attitude towards a state of affairs; e.g. thanking, congratulating, pardoning, blaming, praising, condoling, etc (Leech: 106). In this type of speech acts, the speaker makes the words fit with the situation which his or her feeling also includes in it.  Declarations.
Declarations is a type of speech act that performing about correspondence between the prepositional content and reality; e.g. resigning, demising, christening, naming, excommunicating, appointing, sentencing, etc (Leech: 106). In this, these actions are performed normally speaking by someone who is especially authorized to do so within some instructional framework.
Human speech can be expressed through both oral and written media. In oral media, the party who performs the speech act is the speaker (speaker) and his partner (listener), while in written media; the speech is conveyed by the author (speaker) to his interlocutor, namely the reader. Tarigan (2015: 32-33) argues that pragmatics is not only limited to spoken language, but includes written language. Therefore, speech acts can occur in any medium that uses language.
In this study, the focus is on assertive illocutionary speech acts. Illocutionary speech acts are speech acts that are identified with explicit performative sentences. The illocutionary speech act is only related to the meaning, and then the meaning of the illocutionary speech act is related to the value conveyed by the preposition. Lubis (2015: 10) argues that illocutionary acts are the pronunciation of a statement, offer, promise, question and so on. This is closely related to the forms of sentences that embody an expression.

METHOD
The research in this article was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method. Descriptive methods are used to collect, classify and explain related information on ongoing conditions with media in the form of words or pictures and the information described is not in the form of numbers (Sudaryanto, Sumarwati, & Suryanto, 2014).
The research conducted by taking data randomly from Instagram and Twitter which obtained data that has been analyzed for assertive illocutionary acts.
In analyzing assertive illocutionary speech acts in social media, the researcher carried out the procedure as follows: 1) the researcher collects raw data in the form of writing or written speech through status and comments on different accounts randomly from social media such as instragram and twitter. by using documentation techniques in the form of screenshots/screen capture; 2) researcher identify what types of assertive speech acts are found in written or internal speech form of status and comments on this two kinds of social media; and 3) after identifying the researcher classify and describe the use of what types of assertive speech acts are most frequently used on social media.

CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the analysis, it can be seen that there are 3 categories of assertive illocutionary speech acts which appears in the social media status of Instagram and Twitter. They are reporting, telling and suggesting. Here in table one, the category of assertive illocutionary speech act that is found the most in all accounts of Harian Kompas and Metro and Info Ciledug is reporting. There are 11 datas from media such as Harian Kompas and Metro and Info Ciledug here, and all of them are using reporting assertive illocutionary acts.
This case shows that media accounts such as harian Kompas and Metro and Info Ciledug as a media for reporting officially. Their status in Instagram and Twitter are always informing people about what is happening now and what is hot news at present. Table two show that the accounts from Instagram and Twitter use stating/telling assertive illocutionary acts.
Here in table two, there are many different private accounts. The category of assertive illocutionary speech act that is found the most in these all different accounts are telling/stating. There are 10 datas from different accounts of people and all of them are using stating or telling assertive illocutionary acts.
This case shows that private accounts that belong to many different people usually like to share their status or comments by telling or stating something that happens to them through social media personally. Their comments in Instagram and Twitter are always telling people about something personally or generally.
Table three shows that the accounts from Instagram and Twitter use suggesting assertive illocutionary acts.
Here in table three, the category of assertive illocutionary speech act that is found the most in all accounts is ssuggesting. There are 4 datas from different accounts here, and all of them are using suggesting assertive illocutionary acts.
This case shows that these four accounts share their comments and knowledge as to suggest people for their goodness..Their status in Instagram and Twitter are always giving suggestions to people through their accounts.